Plumbing 

 

Plumbing notes based on SP-35 1987 are as follows :- 

 1. General 

•  Plumbing System includes 
• water supply and distributing pipes 
• plumbing fixtures for the use in water supply
• sanitary drainage system to carry the wastes 
• Anti-siphonage system which carry only the air for the purpose of ventilation  
• Storm water drainage system to collect and carry rain water 
• Planning for Plumbing
• The layout of the building should be such as to allow for good and economical plumbing to be carried out.   
• Cross connection between water supply and waste water pipes should be avoided. 
• Noise associated with Plumbing system (Water Pumps) should be kept in mind. 
• When a water pipe is to be concealed, it must be wrapped with Hassian cloth dipped in bitumen. Hassian Cloth can be seen in the picture given below :- 
•   
   
  
  • Single Pipe system is now generally preferred over two pipe systems. 
  • Indian Standards should be adopted while selecting materials, equipment, construction or testing the fixtures so that uniformity can be maintained. 
  •  

   

  Principles of Plumbing. 

  1. Plumbing Fixtures should be smooth and non absorbent, well ventilated, away from fouling places, easily accessible, leak free. 
  2. Plumbing system should help in using the water economically, should avoid cross connection of water and sewerage line, well ventilated and well designed.

   

  Thank you. 

   

  Further Read in this Series :- 

   
  

   

   

   

   

 

 

NUMERICAL ON SOIL CLASSIFICATION 

1. Numerical of Gopal Ranjan and AS RAO Book.

Given Details as shown below in the numerical. We need to classify the soil as per indian Standard.

Sieve Size (mm)	Percent Finer
	Sample 1	Sample 2	Sample 3
4.75	100.00	1001	100
2	100.00	99.25	100
1	99.80	98.75	99.9
0.45	99.65	98	99.7
0.212	98.95	54.15	90
0.15	97.55	7.6	81.5
0.075	96.85	6	63
wL	23.00	'----	'---
wp	16.77	'----	'---
IP	6.23	Non Plastic	Non Plastic

Sample 1. 

A. Look at the % finer in 0.075 mm sieve (75 micron sieve) 

      Which in this case is 96.85 (marked Red) As this fraction is greater than  50 % so soil is fine grained soil and we need to look in to Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit of the soil sample. 

B. Liquid limit and Plastic limits are given. 

          wl=23.00

          wp = 16.77 

          Plasticity Index = 6.23 (Given) 

In the plasticity chart the Liquid Limit and Plasticity Index will be plotted somewhere marked hatched in the image. 

Image is taken from (http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=125128)

So for the Sample Dual Symbol will be used. 

Sample will therefore will be classified as CL-ML. 

Sample 2 

A. % Finer of 75 micron sieve Size is 6.00 which is less than 50 %. Hence sample will be coarse grained soil. 

B. % finer than 4.75 mm is 100.00 (Given) which is greater than 50 %. Hence sample will be sand. 

C. Now we need to look in to the Grain Size Curve.

Grain Size Curve is as Follows :-

It can be easily observed from the Grain Size Distribution Curve that 

for Sample 2 :- 

 D60 = 0.22 mm. D30 = 0.19 mm, D10 = 0.16 mm

Cu = D60/D10 = 0.22/0.16 = 1.38. (Which is less than 06. 

Cc = (D30*D30)/(D60*D10) = (0.19*0.19)/(0.22*0.16)= 1.03 

For a soil to be well graded Cu > 6 & 1<Cc<3. Both these two conditions should satisfy simultaneously. 

so First Part is SP. 

Also % Finer passing 75 micron is 6 % which lies between 5% and 12 %. However it is also given that fines are Non Plastic. SM will be the classification. 

Hence Sample 2 will be SP-SM. 

Sample 3 

Step 1. More than 50 5 of soil is passing through 75 micron sieve. (63 % Given). Soil is either clay or silt. 

Step 2. Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit is not Given and soil has been described as Non Plastic. So Classification will be termed as ML

Click here For Another Numerical based on Soil Classification. 

Classification of Soil

Step A . Pass Soil sample through 75 micron sieve

More than 50 % soil sample retained : Coarse Grained Soil.

More than 50 % soil sample passing : Fine Grained Soil.

Step B. For Coarse Grained Soil.

i ) Pass the soil (retained on 75 micron sieve) through 4.75 mm sieve

More than 50 % soil sample retained : Gravel (G)

More than 50 % soil sample passing : Sand (S)

ii) Check the percent fines in the coarse fraction.

If Fines < 5 % -> Check Uniformity Coefficient and Coefficient of Curvature

Soil will termed as Poorly Graded and Well Graded.

GW, SW, GP, SP.

If Fines > 12 % -> Check the nature of Fines from A -Line as Given below.

Step C. For Fine Grained Soil

.

i) Check the Clayey Fraction and Silt Fraction based on the Grain Size. Assign the 

Prefix C and M Accordingly.

ii) Using Atterberg Limits, Arrive at the Suffix, L, I, H and accordingly assign the 

suffiix.

This more or less completes the classification part of the soil. Now We will move towards 

the Numericals Part.

CLICK HERE FOR THE NUMERICAL ON SOIL

CLASSIFICATION 

What is the difference between Marble and Granite ?

All the site Engineers use to face the same question during the construction phase. Here we will try to give few points of difference between marble and granite. 

Point No. 01 :- 

Granite is a silicious rock which implies that silica predominates in this stone. 

Marble is a Calcareous Rock which implies that Calcium Carbonate predominates in this stone.

Point No. 02 :- 

Granite due to its chemical composition is not affected by the process of weathering.  

Marble however is not that durable. Due to presence of Calcium Carbonate its durability depends on the surrounding environment. For example Taj Mahal in Agra is made up of White Stones which are believed to be deteriorating due to pollution. 

Point No. 03 :- 

Granite is more strong. Compressive strength of Granite varies from 75 N/mm2 to        127 N/mm2. 

Marble is comparatively less stronger. Its compressive strength is around 71 N/mm2. 

Point No. 04 :- 

Carving (नक्कासी ) is difficult in case of granite and the reason can be better understand in relation with the Point No. 03 Above. 

Carving is easy in case of Marble.  Probably this is the reason of choosing Marble in Historic Structures. 

Point No. 05 :- 

in Terms of Origin, Granite is an Igneous Rock. 

Marble is a Metamorphic Rock.

Point No 06 :- 

In General, Granite is more costly compared to Marble. 

These are the basic differences between Granite and Marble.

If you have any query related to this Topic feel Free to ask in the comment section below.

Thank you.


Click Here to read about other topics related to Building Material and Construction.